Database of Russian Missile and UAV Attacks on Ukrainian Regions from the Occupied Crimea in January-September 2023
The Monitoring Group of the BlackSeaNews
and the Black Sea Institute for Strategic Studies
Based on the results of our own monitoring (see Table 1), the Monitoring Group of the Black Sea Institute for Strategic Studies and the BlackSeaNews editorial board presents the database Russian Missile and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Attacks on the Regions of Ukraine from the Occupied Crimea in January-September 2023.
Over the first 9 months of 2023, the Russian Armed Forces used the occupied Crimea to strike at the regions of Ukraine, including with:
230 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles – totaling 26 missiles monthly – from ships of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, whose main base is in the occupied Crimean Peninsula
590 – 65 monthly —Shahed-136/131 UAVs, 40 Iskander ballistic missiles and 17 P-800 Oniks anti-ship missiles.
An analysis on the subject will follow shortly...
* * *
Table 1. Database of Russian Missile and UAV Attacks on Ukrainian Regions
from the Occupied Crimea in January-September 2023
- ТОТ – temporarily occupied territories
- CMC – coastal missile complex
- OTMS – operational-tactical missile system
- the original data is taken from the official Air Force Command
of the Armed Forces of Ukraine website www.facebook.com/kpszsu
- the numbers below don’t take into account the confirmed launches
from the RF regions, even when the locales are listed
# |
Date |
Launch Area |
Carrier type |
Type and number of weapons used |
Place of missile impact/destruction, direction/target |
Details and notes |
|
January 2023 |
|||||
1 |
14.01.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
Up to 6 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Odesa Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast |
Target: energy infrastructure facilities. Destroyed: One of the missiles that crossed the Moldova-Ukraine state border |
2 |
26.01.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
Up to 9 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles, number TBC |
Odesa Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast |
Target: energy infrastructure facilities. Destroyed: 3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles shot down over Odesa region |
|
February 2023 |
|||||
3 |
09.02.2023 |
TOT Crimea |
- |
UAV Orion |
Kherson Oblast |
Reconnaissance UAV, destroyed. Probable basing at Sevastopol and Dzhankoy airfields |
4 |
10.02.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
Up to 28 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Odesa Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast: 13 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles shot down over the Оdesa Oblast |
Targets: energy infrastructure facilities. 2 Russian Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles crossed the state border of Ukraine with the Republic of Moldova and Romania |
5 |
11.02.2023 |
TOT Crimea |
SU-24М Bastion-P CMC |
4 aerial bombs of an unknown type 3 P-800 Oniks cruise missiles |
Zmiinyi Island, Odesa Oblast |
Probable targets: observation posts and military/civilian infrastructure on the coast |
6 |
14.02.2023 |
TOT Crimea |
Missile attack |
Missile type undetermined |
ТОТ Chaplynka, Kherson Oblast |
Targets: civilian infrastructure objects to be used as a false flag operation against the Armed Forces of Ukraine |
7 |
16.02.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea |
Surface ship (frigate) Bastion-P CMC |
Up to 8 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 1 P-800 Oniks cruise missiles |
Detailed data on the Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles та P-800 Oniks unavailable |
Targets: energy and industry infrastructure facilities in Dnipropetrovsk and Kirovohrad Oblasts. Civilian objects hit |
8 |
18.02.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
Up to 4 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Grechany, Khmelnytskyi, Khmelnytskyi Oblast |
Targets: energy infrastructure facilities. Destroyed: 2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
|
March 2023 |
|||||
9 |
09.03.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea |
Surface ship Submarine SU-35 |
Up to 20 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 2 Kh-31P-type missiles 6 Kh-59-type missiles |
Odesa Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast |
Targets: energy infrastructure facilities and Ukrainian air defense system elements. Destroyed: 2 Kh-31P missiles 6 Kh-59 missiles |
10 |
14.03.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea |
SU-24 |
4 Kh-31P-type missiles |
Odesa Oblast |
Targets: Ukrainian air defense facilities. Destroyed: all 4 missiles. Civilian infrastructure facilities damaged by the debris |
11 |
21.03.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea |
SU-35 |
4 Kh-59-type missiles – most likely, Kh-59МК |
Odesa Oblast |
Destroyed: 2 missiles, while the other 2 hit a civilian infrastructure facility – a UOC MP church |
12 |
23.03.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea |
SU-35 |
2 Kh-59-type missiles |
Odesa Oblast
|
Destroyed: 2 missiles |
|
April 2023 |
|||||
13 |
19.04.2023 |
TOT Crimea (possibly, Cape Chauda) |
- |
12 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
Odesa Oblast |
Targets: elements of the Ukrainian air defense system and critical infrastructure. A recreational infrastructure facility hit. Destroyed: 10 SHAHED-136/131 UAVs |
14 |
24.04.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
- |
2 Lancet-type UAVs 1 Merlin-ВР type UAV (Orlan-30) |
Kherson Oblast |
Destroyed: all |
15 |
26.04.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
- |
5 Lancet-type UAVs
1 Merlin-ВР type UAV |
Kherson Oblast |
Destroyed: all |
16 |
27.04.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
Iskander OTMS |
Up to 4 Iskander-K cruise missiles. Number TBC |
Mykolaiv Oblast |
Hit: A Mykolaiv apartment high-rise. Casualties: 1 person dead and 17, including 1 child, wounded |
|
May 2023 |
|||||
17 |
03.05.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
- |
2 Lancet-type UAVs 1 Merlin-ВР type UAV 1 tactical UAV |
Kherson Oblast |
Reconnaissance activity. Destroyed: all |
18 |
7-8.05.2023 |
TOT Crimea airspace |
ТU-22М3 |
Kh-22-type anti-ship missiles, number unconfirmed |
Odesa, Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyi, Odesa Oblast |
Targets: Ukrainian defense forces military facilities and civilian infrastructure that the Russians believe is used for military purposes |
19 |
08.05.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
- |
2 Lancet-type UAVs
1 ZALA-type UAV |
Kherson Oblast |
Reconnaissance activity. Destroyed: all |
20 |
09.05.2023. |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
Up to 9 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Kyiv Ukraine’s eastern regions |
Targets: Ukrainian defense forces military and infrastructure facilities. Destroyed: 9 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
21 |
14.05.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
- |
1 ZALA-type and 2 Orlan-10-type reconnaissance UAVs |
Kherson Oblast |
Reconnaissance activity. Destroyed: all |
22 |
14.05.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea |
Surface ship Submarine |
Up to 3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 25 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
Official data n/a |
Destroyed: 3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 18 Shahed-136/131 type attack UAVs |
23 |
16.05.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea |
Surface ship Submarine Iskander OTMS |
Up to 9 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 3 Iskander-M missiles 6 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
Mykolaiv Oblast |
Targets: civilian infrastructure facilities that the Russians believe is used for military purposes. Destroyed: 9 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 3 Iskander-M type ballistic missiles No official data on the UAV desrtuction |
24 |
17-18.05.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea |
Surface ship Submarine Iskander OTMS |
Up to 6 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles Up to 2 Iskander-K missiles |
Vinnytsia Oblast Khmelnytskyi Oblast |
Targets: Ukrainian defense forces military and infrastructure facilities. Destroyed: 6 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 2 Iskander-K type cruise missiles. |
25 |
19.05.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
Up to 9 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Data n/a |
Destroyed: 3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
26 |
20.05.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
- |
3 Lancet-type, 1 Merlin-ВР-type & 1 Orlan-10-type reconnaissance UAV |
Kherson Oblast |
Reconnaissance activity. Destroyed: all |
27 |
21.05.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
- |
1 Merlin-ВР type, 1 Orlan-10-type & 1 ZALA-type UAV |
Kherson Oblast |
Reconnaissance activity. Destroyed: all |
28 |
22.05.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
Iskander OTMS |
2 Iskander-M ballistic missiles |
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
Targets: military and infrastructure facilities |
29 |
30.05.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
|
2 Merlin-ВР-type UAV, 2 Lancet-type & 1 Orlan-10-type UAV |
Mykolaiv Oblast |
Reconnaissance activity. Destroyed: all |
|
June 2023 |
|||||
30 |
8.06.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Cherkasy Oblast |
Civilian infrastructure facilities hit |
31 |
12.06.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Kharkiv Oblast |
Residential area hit |
32 |
14.06.23. |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
4 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Odesa Oblast |
Destroyed: 3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 1 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missile hit an office center, causing numerous civilian casualties |
33 |
16.06.2023. |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
6 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Kyiv Oblast |
Destroyed: 6 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
34 |
19.06.2023. |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
4 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Odesa Oblast |
Destroyed: 4 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
35 |
24.06.2023 |
Black Sea waters Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
Surface ship Submarine |
2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 2 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs
|
N-W region of the Black Sea |
Destroyed: 1 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missile 2 Shahed-136/131 type attack UAVs |
36 |
26.06.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Odesa Oblast |
Destroyed: 2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles. 1 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missile hit a civilian infrastructure object in Odesa |
37 |
30.06.2023. |
North of TOT Crimea |
Iskander OTMS |
1 Iskander ballistic missile |
Kherson Oblast |
According to the available information, the southern part of Antonivskyi Bridge (Kherson) hit |
|
July 2023 |
|||||
38 |
02.07.2023. |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Data n/a |
Destroyed: all |
39 |
06.07.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
10 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Lviv Oblast |
Targets: educational infrastructure facilities, residential houses and college dormitories. Destroyed: 7 out of 10 missiles |
40 |
13.07.2023. |
Black Sea waters North of TOT Crimea |
Surface ship Submarine Iskander OTMS |
3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 1 Iskander ballistic missiles |
Kyiv Oblast |
Destroyed: 9 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
41 |
15.07.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
- |
6 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Odesa Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast |
The Shaheds-136/131 were likely launched from the Chauda training ground area in Crimea |
42 |
18.07.2023 |
Black Sea waters Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
Surface ship Submarine |
10 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 36 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Odesa Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
The Kalibrs were likely launched from the Russian frigate Admiral Esse, while the Shaheds 136/131 –- from the Chauda training ground area in Crimea. Destroyed: 6 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 31 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs 1 reconnaissance UAV of an unknown type |
43 |
19.07.2023 |
Black Sea waters ТОТ Crimea airspace Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
Surface ship – likely small missile ship Ingushetia and frigate Admiral Essen ТU-22М3 SU-35 Bastion-P CMC |
16 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 8 Х-22 cruise missiles 6 Oniks-type cruise missiles 1 Х-59 air-to-surface missile 32 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure, civilian critical infrastructure and retail network facilities. Destroyed: 13 Kalibr type cruise missiles 1 Kh-59 air-to-surface missile; 23 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
44 |
20.07.2023 |
Black Sea waters ТОТ Crimea airspace Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
Surface ship 8 ТU-22М3 Bastion-P CMC |
7 Oniks-type cruise missiles; 4 Kh-22-type air-launched cruise missiles 3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 5 Iskander-K ground-launched cruise missiles 19 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure, civilian facilities and retail facilities. Destroyed: 2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 3 Iskander-K ground-launched cruise missiles 13 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
45 |
21.07.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea airspace |
Surface ship Submarine Aircraft |
Up to 7 missiles, including 3 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Odesa Oblast |
Targets: Grain warehouses in Bilhorod-Dnistrovs’kyi district |
46 |
23.07.2023 |
Black Sea waters TOT Crimea airspace |
Bastion-P CMC ТU-22М3 Iskander OTMS |
5 Oniks-type cruise missiles 3 Kh-22-type air-launched cruise missiles 4 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 5 Iskander-K ground-launched cruise missiles 2 Iskander-M ballistic missiles |
Odesa, Odesa Oblast
|
Damaged: Port infrastructure, at least 6 residential buildings, including apartment blocks, the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine Cathedral in one of Odesa’s central squares and two architectural monuments. |
47 |
26.07.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Submarine |
4 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Destroyed over Vinnytsia Oblast |
Damaged by debris: civilian infrastructure |
48 |
27.07.2023. |
Black Sea waters |
Submarine |
2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Odesa Oblast |
Damaged: Port infrastructure, including the administrative building and cargo terminal |
49 |
31.07.2023 |
North of TOT Crimea |
Iskander OTMS |
2 Iskander ballistic missiles |
Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
Targets: residential and non-residential premises in Kryvyi Rih
|
|
August 2023 |
|||||
50 |
02.08.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
- |
SHAHED-136/131- type UAVs, number unconfirmed |
Kyiv, Kyiv Oblast Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure in the Odesa region & infrastructure facilities. Destroyed: 23 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
51 |
06.08.2023 |
Black Sea waters |
Surface ship Submarine |
20 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Starokostyantyniv, Khmelnytskyi Oblast Dubno, Rivne Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Vinnytsia Oblast |
Targets: Air Force AFU facilities. Destroyed: 17 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
52 |
14.08.2023. |
Black Sea waters in the Yalta region |
Frigate Admiral Makarov |
Up to 8 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Odesa, Odesa Oblast |
Targets: municipal infrastructure, educational institutions, commercial establishments, industrial enterprises and port infrastructure of Odesa |
53 |
15.08.2023. |
Black Sea waters in the Yalta region |
Frigate Admiral Makarov |
Up to 8 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Lviv Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Cherkasy Oblast Volyn Oblast
|
Targets: military industry enterprises |
54 |
16.08.2023. |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
- |
Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs, number TBC |
River Danube region, Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises Destroyed: 13 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
55 |
23.08.2023 |
Azov Sea waters TOT Crimea |
Surface ship – likely small missile ship of the Buyan-M- type |
2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 2 Kh-59 guided missiles 1 Iskander ballistic missile Up to 20 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Chornomorsk, Odesa Oblast; Zaporizhia Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises |
56 |
28.08.2023. |
Black Sea waters (Feodosiia region) TOT Crimea |
Surface ship Submarine SU-34-type aircraft |
4 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 2 Kh-59-type air-to-surface cruise missiles |
Myrhorod, Poltava Oblast Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
Targets: civilian objects of urban infrastructure & industrial enterprise (an oil mill). Destroyed: 2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 2 guided Kh-59 missiles |
|
September 2023 |
|||||
57 |
01.09.2023 |
Black Sea waters (Feodosiia region) |
Surface ship Submarine |
2 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles |
Vinnytsia Oblast |
Destroyed: 1 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles, while the other 1 hit a private enterprise |
58 |
03.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
- |
25 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 22 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
59 |
04.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
- |
32 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Odesa Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 23 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
60 |
06.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda and North of TOT Crimea Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
Iskander OTMS |
1 Iskander-M ballistic missile 25 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
The south of Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 15 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs 1 Iskander-M ballistic missile. |
61 |
07.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
- |
33 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
The south of Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 25 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
62 |
08.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
- |
20 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
The south of Odesa Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 16 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
63 |
13.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) Kursk Oblast (RF) |
- |
44 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
The south of Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises.
Destroyed: 32 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
64 |
14.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
- |
22 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
The south of Odesa Oblast Sumy Oblast Zaporizhia Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 17 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
65 |
17.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
- |
6 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
The south of Odesa Oblast |
Targets: agricultural enterprises in Odesa region. Destroyed: 6 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
66 |
18.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
- |
24 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
The south of Odesa Oblast Snigurovsk Hromada, Mykolaiv Oblast |
Targets: agricultural enterprises in Odesa and Mykolaiv regions. Destroyed: 18 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAV |
67 |
19.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda and North of TOT Crimea Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
Iskander OTMS |
30 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Khmelnytskyi Oblast Poltava Oblast Odesa Oblast Kryvyi Rih, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast |
Targets: industrial enterprises in the southern, central and western regions of Ukraine. Destroyed: 27 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
68 |
25.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) Waters around Sevastopol & Feodosiia |
Small missile ship Submarine Bastion-P CMC |
Up to 12 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 2 P-800 Oniks cruise missiles 19 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 11 Kalibr sea-launched cruise missiles 19 Shahed-136/131 type attack UAVs |
69 |
26.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
- |
38 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Cherkasy Oblast Dnipropetrovsk Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 26 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
70 |
28.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) Primorsko-Akhtarsk (RF) |
- |
44 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Cherkasy Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 34 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
71 |
30.09.2023 |
Cape Chauda (TOT Crimea) |
- |
40 Shahed-136/131- type attack UAVs |
Vinnytsia Oblast Mykolaiv Oblast Odesa Oblast |
Targets: port infrastructure & industrial enterprises. Destroyed: 30 Shahed-136/131-type attack UAVs |
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This article has been prepared with the support of the European Union in Ukraine. The content of the article is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the position of the EU