Russian July 2023 crude oil exports from the Black Sea decreased due to the embargo. For how long?

17:04 18.08.2023
Russia

The Monitoring Group of BlackSeaNews and
the Black Sea Institute of Strategic Studies

The Monitoring Group of the Black Sea Institute of Strategic Studies and BlackSeaNews reports on the results of its own monitoring of the main trends in seaborne exports of Russian crude oil from the ports on the Black and Azov Seas in July 2023 (See Tables 1-4)

* * *

As we reported earlier, the exports of Russian crude oil from Black Sea ports in March 2023 set a record of 5,565,874 tons. This significantly exceeded the results of all the previous months since April 2022.

In April 2023, crude oil exports dropped by 14.2% and amounted to 4,822,058 tons. In May and June 2023, the exports recovered and reached almost 5 million tons in each month. Whereas in May 2023 the growth was achieved due to EU countries (because of embargo violations), in June 2023, the high level of exports was (as well as in March) maintained by shipments to non-EU countries. 

In July 2023, the exports of Russian crude oil from Black Sea ports dropped by 1,357,305 tons (-27.2%) and amounted to 3,636,836 tons. Note that EU countries accounted for 67.2% of this decrease due to a reduction in the number of embargo violations (See Table 1).

In July 2023, we recorded only 2 cases of embargo violations, whereas in May and June, there were 11 and 9 ones respectively (See Table 2).

This happened as a result of the EU decision that prohibits tankers committing such violations from entering the ports of EU countries, which came into effect on 24 July 2023.

The analysis of violations of the embargo on seaborne imports of Russian crude oil will be provided in a separate article.

 

In July 2023, the exports of Russian crude oil from Black Sea ports to countries that had not joined the embargo also decreased: by 445,176 tons, or 11.5%.

However, unlike exports to EU countries, this is most likely a temporary phenomenon.

It should be added that whereas in June 2023 42 tankers transported Russian oil from the Black Sea, in July, there were only 28 such vessels. While in June 15 tankers carrying Russian oil belonged to companies from EU countries, in July, their number decreased to 9. The number of tankers carrying Russian crude oil that belong to Turkish shipowners also decreased: from 9 tankers in June to 2 vessels in July. 

In contrast to crude oil, in July 2023, the seaborne exports of Russian petroleum products continued to grow and reached a record high since April 2022, amounting to 4.2 million tons and exceeding the volume of crude oil exports. The number of embargo violations also increased.

The analysis of seaborne exports of Russian petroleum products will be provided in a separate article.

Important notes:

a) The Russian Federation exports crude oil and petroleum products (fuel oil, gas oil, and solar oil) from ports on the Black and Azov Seas. They are exported by different types of vessels – crude oil tankers and oil/chemical tankers (or oil products tankers) respectively. Crude oil tankers are usually very large: in the Black Sea, one such tanker takes from 100 to 150 thousand tons of crude oil. Oil products tankers have a significantly lower freight-carrying capacity: the commonest are in the ranges of 3-5 and 25-30 thousand tons. The monthly ratio between the volume of exports of Russia’s crude oil and petroleum products is approximately 3:1.

b) Two separate streams of crude oil are exported from Black Sea ports: crude oil of the Russian Federation (from the ports of Novorossiysk, Taman, and Tuapse, from the transshipment points in the Kerch Strait and to the south of it) and crude oil of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) – from a separate terminal of the port of Novorossiysk. The CPC’s crude oil contains 80% of Kazakh oil and 20% of oil produced in Kazakhstan by the Russian company Lukoil. Kazakh oil is not under sanctions, although it is transported through the territory of the Russian Federation.

c) In tables and figures presenting the volume of exports of crude oil and petroleum products, the indicator DWT (deadweight) is used – a measure of how much weight a ship can carry. It is the sum of the weights of cargo, fuel, lubricants, technical and drinking water, passengers, luggage, crew, and provisions. When analysing the transportation of a large volume of oil and petroleum products, other types of cargoes carried by a ship do not significantly influence the results, since even on tankers with a deadweight of 100-150 thousand tons, the sum of the weights of fuel, water, provisions, and a small crew is in the hundreds of tons and does not affect the results of the analysis.

d) This analytical report does not take into account the volume of exports of crude oil and petroleum products from the Russian Federation to the Black Sea ports and transshipment points of Romania and Bulgaria.

e) In tables and figures, for convenience, the term "EU+" is used, which covers not only EU member states but also the USA, the UK, and Monaco. The appropriateness of such grouping is justified by the fact that the exports of Russian crude oil and petroleum products to these countries are very insignificant.

f) In the database of oil tankers at the end of the article, “Crude oil tanker CPC” means that this tanker carries oil from the Caspian Pipeline Consortium’s terminal. Tankers carrying crude oil of the Russian Federation are marked as "Crude oil tankers".

* * *

Table 1. The volume of seaborne imports of Russian crude oil from the Black Sea to EU countries in violation of the embargo in January–July 2023

2023, tons January 2023 Febuary 2023 March 2023 April 2023 May 2023 June 2023 July 2023 Changes
Russian crude oil to EU states 1,274,281 975,520 476,449 801,594 1,554,020 1,134,445 222,316 - 912,129.0
Greece [GR] 961,124 703,082 476,449 688,910 1,275,326 976,892 222,316 - 754,576.0
Italy [IT]   166,966       157,553    
Spain [ES] 159,058       164,565      
Netherlands [NL] 103,755 105,472   112,684 114,129      
Slovenia [SI] 50,344              

 

Table 2. Tankers that transported Russian crude oil to EU countries in January–July 2023 in violation of the embargo, by country of shipowner’s registration

Shipowner's country of registration January 2023 February 2023 March 2023 April 2023 May 2023 June 2023 July 2023

Greece [GR]

 6 5 1 4 6 2 1
Malta [MT] - - - - 1 - -
Denmark [DK] 1 1 - - - - -
Latvia [LV] - - - - - 1 -
Cyprus [CY] 1 - - - - - -
               
Turkey [TR] 2 - - 1 2 3 1
Marshall Islands [MH] 1 - 1 - - - -
DUBAI [AE]- Russia [RU] 1 - 1 1 - - -
Liberia [LR] - 1 - - - 2 -
India [IN] - - 1 - 1 1 -
Moldova [MD] - - - - 1 - -
In total 12 7 4 6 11 9 2

 

Table 3. The volume of seaborne imports of Russian crude oil from the Black Sea to countries that have not imposed sanctions on Russian oil, January–July 2023

2022-2023, tons January 2023 February 2023 March 2023 April 2023 May 2023 June 2023 July 2023 Changes
Russian crude oil to other states 2,394,306 1,873,377 5,089,425 3,976,529 3,418,038 3,859,696 3,414,520

- 445,176
India [IN] 751,556 799,759 1,242,956 2,021,839 1,238,129 1,747,441 1,318,575 - 428,866
Turkey [TR] 465,983 270,483 468,386 315,730 536,117 385,858 685,661 + 299,803
China [CN] 261,719 159,184 877,217 764,369 996,059 493,324 221,322 - 272,002
Brazil [BR] 105,484              
United Arab Emirates [AE] 155,978 303,517 351,270 608,218 300,391 280,934 221,192 - 59,742
Russia [RU]         47,199   112,960 + 112,960
Korea [KR]                
Singapore [SG] 300,392 115,445 1,064,478   112,521 504,814 575,737 + 70,923
Sri Lanka [LK]     219,194     267,544   - 267,544
Bahamas [BS]     230,131          
St Lucia [LC]                
Tunisia [TN] 228,587   49,933          
Oman [OM] 74,269              
Malaysia [MY]     222,183 156,532 187,622      
Saudi Arabia [SA]   115,723 160,200     105,200 120,499 + 15,299
Senegal [SN] 50,338   46,847          
Ghana [GH]   109,266            
Myanmar [MM]     156,630       158,574 + 158,574.0
Cuba [CU]           74,581   - 74,581.0
Djibouti [DJ]       109,841        

 

Table 4. Tankers that transported crude oil from Russian ports on the Black and Azov Seas in July 2023 (database)

Information on shipowner companies and operating companies is provided by www.equasis.org.
The first column of the table shows the date of a vessel's passage from the Sea of Marmara through the Dardanelles to the Aegean Sea
or the date of its arriving at one of Turkey's Black Sea port

#

Name

IMO

DWT

Flag

Port of departure

Actual Time of Departure

Port of destination

Estimated Time of Arrival

Shipowner
             

Greece [GR]

    

08/07

STEALTH HARALAMBOS
Crude Oil Tanker

9386536

113021

Marshall Is

RU TAM
TAMAN

ATD: 2023-07-01 23:00

GR LAKONIKOS GULF

ATA: 2023-07-09 08:55

Ship manager/Commercial manager SIGNAL PROJECTS LTD 110, Vouliagmenis Avenue, Glyfada, 166 74 Athens, Greece.
Registered owner TANK PASHA INC Care of Signal Projects Ltd, 110, Vouliagmenis Avenue, Glyfada, 166 74 Athens, Greece.

09/07

BUTTERFLY A
Crude Oil Tanker

9249130

109295

Liberia

RU KAVKAZ SOUTH ANCH

ATD: 2023-06-30 20:33

GR LAKONIKOS GULF

ATD: 2023-07-11 12:39

Ship manager/Commercial manager AQUILA SHIPOWNER SA Mazaya Plaza, Zuhal Caddesi 46, Cevizli Mah, Maltepe, 34846 Istanbul, Turkey.
Registered owner AQUILA SHIPOWNER SA Mazaya Plaza, Zuhal Caddesi 46, Cevizli Mah, Maltepe, 34846 Istanbul, Turkey.
             

India [IN]

    

01/07

ANDAMAN SKIES
Crude Oil Tanker

9288693

111013

Cook Is

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-06-27 06:46

IN VTZ
VISAKHAPATNAM

ETA: 2023-07-20 13:30

Ship manager/Commercial manager RADIATING WORLD SHIPPING SERVS Office 943, Burjuman Business Centre, BT1/L09/1-16-118, Khalid Bin Waleed Road, (Bank Street), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Registered owner DURBEEN NAVIGATION LTD Care of Radiating World Shipping Services LLC, Office 943, Burjuman Business Centre, BT1/L09/1-16-118, Khalid Bin Waleed Road, (Bank Street), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

02/07

SAI BABA
Crude Oil Tanker

9321691

158889

Gabon

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-06-28 06:38

IN VADINAR ANCH

ATA: 2023-07-15 22:18

Ship manager/Commercial manager PARADISE SHIPPING & MARINE INC Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake, Majuro MH 96960, Marshall Islands.
Registered owner PARADISE SHIPPING & MARINE INC Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake, Majuro MH 96960, Marshall Islands.

05/07

VLADIMIR TIKHONOV
Crude Oil Tanker

9311622

162397

Liberia

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-02 16:14

IN PRT
PARADIP

ETA: 2023-07-25 17:30

Ship manager/Commercial manager SUN SHIP MANAGEMENT Office OT 17-32, 17th Floor, Office Tower, Central Park Towers, Dubai International Financial Centre, PO Box 507065, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Registered owner BASSETT OCEANWAY LTD Care of SUN Ship Management (D) Ltd, Office OT 17-32, 17th Floor, Office Tower, Central Park Towers, Dubai International Financial Centre, PO Box 507065, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

11/07

TYCHE 1
Crude Oil Tanker

9308077

150980

Panama

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-08 04:03

IN VZJ
VIZHINJAM

ETA: 2023-07-30 19:30

Ship manager/Commercial manager FRACTAL MARINE DMCC Unit 157, Level 5, DMCC Business Centre, Jewellery & Gemplex 2, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Registered owner NEMAN SHIPPING INC Care of Fractal Marine DMCC, Unit 157, Level 5, DMCC Business Centre, Jewellery & Gemplex 2, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

11/07

SCF VANKOR
Crude Oil Tanker

9316127

163545

Liberia

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-08 20:58

IN VAD
VADINAR

ETA: 2023-07-25 17:30

Ship manager/Commercial manager SUN SHIP MANAGEMENT Office OT 17-32, 17th Floor, Office Tower, Central Park Towers, Dubai International Financial Centre, PO Box 507065, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
Registered owner ANGELIC SEAS CORP Care of SUN Ship Management (D) Ltd, Office OT 17-32, 17th Floor, Office Tower, Central Park Towers, Dubai International Financial Centre, PO Box 507065, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

15/07

MISCA
Crude Oil Tanker

9249312

149995

Panama

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-11 12:28

IN BOM
MUMBAI

ETA: 2023-07-30 22:30

Ship manager/Commercial manager SPARTA SHIPMANAGEMENT LTD 2, Andrea Araouzou Street, 4150 Limassol, Cyprus.
Registered owner ARVE SHIPPING INC Care of Sparta Shipmanagement Ltd, 2, Andrea Araouzou Street, 4150 Limassol, Cyprus.

18/07

SHUN TAI
Crude Oil Tanker

9242223

104707

Liberia

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-14 08:41

IN NML
MANGALORE

ETA: 2023-08-01 01:30

Ship manager/Commercial manager SYMI SHIPPING LTD 80, Broad Street, Monrovia, Liberia.
Registered owner SYMI SHIPPING LTD 80, Broad Street, Monrovia, Liberia.

25/07

KINYRAS
Crude Oil Tanker

9320714

166468

Liberia

Black Sea

ATD: 2023-07-23 10:01

IN MUN
MUNDRA

ETA: 2023-08-07 08:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager NAVIG8 ASIA PTE LTD 20-04, UIC Building, 5, Shenton Way, Singapore 068808
Registered owner KINYRAS SHIPPING LTD Care of Navig8 Asia Pte Ltd, 20-04, UIC Building, 5, Shenton Way, Singapore 068808

23/07

HERACLES
Crude Oil Tanker

9271585

150581

Gabon

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-18 14:35

IN MUN
MUNDRA

ATA: 2023-08-07 13:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager HIGH SEAS INC Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake, Majuro MH 96960, Marshall Islands.
Registered owner HIGH SEAS INC Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake, Majuro MH 96960, Marshall Islands
             

Turkey [TR]

    

03/07

ELEGANCE
Crude Oil Tanker

9383950

115098

Panama

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-06-30 05:16

TR IZT
IZMIT

ATA: 2023-07-03 16:41

Ship manager/Commercial manager PROMINENT SHIPMANAGEMENT LTD Room 601, 6th Floor, LT Tower, 31, Chong Yip Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Registered owner EAST HOPE HONG KONG LTD Room 303, 3rd Floor, St George's Building, 2, Ice House Street, Central, Hong Kong, China.

03/07

SEAVOYAGER
Crude Oil Tanker

9318096

159233

Malta

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-06-30 20:10

TR ALI
ALIAGA

ETA: 2023-07-03 23:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager THENAMARIS SHIPS MANAGEMENT 16, Athinas Avenue & Vorreou Street, Vouliagmeni, 166 71 Athens, Greece.
Registered owner LANEL NAVIGATION CORP Care of Thenamaris (Ships Management) Inc, 16, Athinas Avenue & Vorreou Street, Vouliagmeni, 166 71 Athens, Greece.

07/07

SILVER
Crude Oil Tanker

9420617

107507

Malta

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-04 02:43

TR ALI
ALIAGA

ETA: 2023-07-08 09:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager UNITED MARITIME LOGISTICS SA rue du Rhone, 42, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland.
Registered owner UML NAVIGATION 5 LTD Care of United Maritime Logistics (Switzerland) SA, rue du Rhone, 42, 1204 Geneva, Switzerland.

20/07

ELANDRA FALCON
Crude Oil Tanker

9792486

157553

Marshall Is

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-17 02:35

TR ALI
ALIAGA

ETA: 2023-07-20 23:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager LSC SIA Sporta iela 11, LV-1013 Riga, Latvia.
Registered owner SEA 101 LEASING CO LTD Care of LSC SIA, Sporta iela 11, LV-1013 Riga, Latvia.

28/07

PAGOS
Crude Oil Tanker

9296406

146270

Gabon

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-25 02:53

TR KFZ
KORFEZ

ETA: 2023-07-28 12:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager PAGOS SHIPPING & MARINE INC Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake, Majuro MH 96960, Marshall Islands.
Registered owner PAGOS SHIPPING & MARINE INC Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake, Majuro MH 96960, Marshall Islands
             

Singapore [SG]

    

05/07

OTTOMAN TENACITY
Crude Oil Tanker

9590682

149999

Turkey

RU KAVKAZ SOUTH ANCH

ATD: 2023-07-02 13:17

SG SIN
SINGAPORE

ETA: 2023-07-23 15:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager GUNGEN DENIZCILIK VE TICARET Halici Sokak 9, Gaziosmanpasa Mah, Cankaya, 06700 Ankara, Turkey.
Registered owner GUNGEN DENIZCILIK VE TICARET Halici Sokak 9, Gaziosmanpasa Mah, Cankaya, 06700 Ankara, Turkey

20/07

SUNNY LION
Crude Oil Tanker

9326873

74999

Marshall Is

RU TUA
TUAPSE

ATD: 2023-07-17 17:21

SG SIN
SINGAPORE

ETA: 2023-08-10 06:00

Registered owner SUNNY LION SHIPPING LLC Care of MSea Shipping AB, Viktor Rydbergsgaten 10, SE-411 32 Gothenburg, Sweden.
Ship manager/Commercial manager MSEA SHIPPING AB Viktor Rydbergsgaten 10, SE-411 32 Gothenburg, Sweden

23/07

SIMBA
Crude Oil Tanker

9229374

164286

Cameroon

RU KAVKAZ SOUTH ANCH

ATD: 2023-07-20 07:43

SG SIN
SINGAPORE

ETA: 2023-08-09 17:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager LORNI MARINE LTD Suite 10, 3rd Floor, La Ciotat, Mont Fleuri, Victoria, Mahe Island, Seychelles.
Registered owner LORNI MARINE LTD Suite 10, 3rd Floor, La Ciotat, Mont Fleuri, Victoria, Mahe Island, Seychelles.

26/07

CRUDE CENTURION
Crude Oil Tanker

9436020

112871

Marshall Is

RU TUA
TUAPSE

ATD: 2023-07-21 09:43

SG SIN
SINGAPORE

ETA: 2023-08-14 15:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager DIABLO FORTUNE INC Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake, Majuro MH Marshall Islands.
Registered owner DIABLO FORTUNE INC Trust Company Complex, Ajeltake Road, Ajeltake, Majuro MH Marshall Islands.

31/07

BELLINI
Crude Oil Tanker

9351440

73582

Marshall Is

RU TUA
TUAPSE

ATD: 2023-07-28 02:22

SG SIN
SINGAPORE

ETA: 2023-08-20 11:00

Registered owner PEYTO INTERNATIONAL CO Care of Prime Tanker Management Inc, 4, Poseidonos Avenue, Kallithea, 176 74 Athens, Greece.
Ship manager/Commercial manager PRIME TANKER MANAGEMENT INC 4, Poseidonos Avenue, Kallithea, 176 74 Athens, Greece.
             

China [CN

    

22/07

ATHENS VOYAGER
Crude Oil Tanker

9337391

105614

Panama

RU KAVKAZ SOUTH ANCH

ATD: 2023-07-17 08:19

CN ZOS
ZHOUSHAN

ETA: 2023-08-17 21:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager CHEMNAV SHIPMANAGEMENT LTD National Road Athens, 6, Roupel Street, Athens-Lamia Road, Km 17, Kifisia, 145 64 Athens, Greece.
Registered owner AFRANAV MARITIME LTD Care of Chemnav Shipmanagement Ltd, National Road Athens, 6, Roupel Street, Athens-Lamia Road, Km 17, Kifisia, 145 64 Athens, Greece

24/07

CORUM
Crude Oil Tanker

9544281

115708

Panama

RU KAVKAZ SOUTH ANCH

ATD: 2023-07-20 18:43

CHINA FOR ORDERS
 

  

Ship manager/Commercial manager PROMINENT SHIPMANAGEMENT LTD Room 601, 6th Floor, LT Tower, 31, Chong Yip Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Registered owner EAST VANTAGE HONG KONG LTD Care of Prominent Shipmanagement Ltd, Room 601, 6th Floor, LT Tower, 31, Chong Yip Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
             

United Arab Emirates [AE]

    

15/07

GLAUCUS
Crude Oil Tanker

9337389

105641

Panama

RU NVS
NOVOROS
+
RU KAVKAZ SOUTH ANCH

ATD: 2023-07-08 21:57

AE FJR
FUJAIRAH

ETA: 2023-07-28 12:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager GLOBAL SHIP MANAGEMENT LTD 21st Floor, CMA Building, Connaught Road Central, Central, Hong Kong, China.
Registered owner IRTYSH SHIPPING INC Care of Global Ship Management Ltd, 21st Floor, CMA Building, Connaught Road Central, Central, Hong Kong, China.

26/07

ALICANTE
Crude Oil Tanker

9527855

115551

Marshall Is

RU TAM
TAMAN

ATD: 2023-07-23 17:58

AE FJR
FUJAIRAH

ETA: 2023-08-08 13:00

Registered owner ARMIDE OWNING CO LTD Care of TMS Tankers Ltd, 109, Kifisias Avenue & Sina Street, Marousi, 151 24 Athens, Greece.
Ship manager/Commercial manager TMS TANKERS LTD 109, Kifisias Avenue & Sina Street, Marousi, 151 24 Athens, Greece.
             

Russia [RU]

    

07/07

VLADIMIR MONOMAKH
Crude Oil Tanker

9842176

112960

Russia

RU KAVKAZ SOUTH ANCH

ATD: 2023-07-03 17:46

RU ULU
UST-LUGA

ETA: 2023-07-25 14:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager ROSNEFTEFLOT JSC Presnenskaya naberezhnaya 6/2, Moscow, 123112, Russia.
Registered owner ROSNEFTEFLOT JSC Presnenskaya naberezhnaya 6/2, Moscow, 123112, Russia.
             

Myanmar [MM]

    

17/07

SAKARYA
Crude Oil Tanker

9524463

158574

Panama

RU NVS
NOVOROS

ATD: 2023-07-15 06:54

MM KYP
KYAUKPYU

ETA: 2023-08-07 08:00 LT (UTC +6.5)

Ship manager/Commercial manager PROMINENT SHIPMANAGEMENT LTD Room 601, 6th Floor, LT Tower, 31, Chong Yip Street, Kwun Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
Registered owner EAST DIAMOND HONG KONG LTD Care of K&O Shipmanagement FZE, FD-03.08, 7th Floor, Sheikh Rashid Tower, Dubai World Trade Center, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
             

Saudi Arabia [SA]

    

22/07

NORAH
Bulk/Oil Carrier

9240445

120499

Panama

RU NOVOROS ANCH

ATD: 2023-07-19 04:07

SA YNB
YANBU

ETA: 2023-07-29 11:00

Ship manager/Commercial manager SABAEK GENERAL TRADING CO WLL 1st Floor, Mariam Commercial Center, Salem Al Mubarak Street Kuwait.
Registered owner SABAEK GENERAL TRADING CO WLL 1st Floor, Mariam Commercial Center, Salem Al Mubarak Street Kuwait.


* * *

This article has been prepared with the support of the European Union in Ukraine. The content of the article is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily reflect the position of the EU

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