The Crimea in the European dimension. View from the Ai-Petri (St Peter) Mount
Countries, which EU included into Eastern Partnership
Andrei KLIMENKO, Tatyana GUCHAKOVA, BSNews
Translation from Russian
by Alexey SOLOVIEV, BSNews
«On August 5th, 2010 EU Ambassador to Ukraine Jose Manuel Pinto Teixeira had a meeting in Simferopol with Crimean Prime Minister Vasily Dzharty and discussed plans to implement in the Crimea a pilot project on cooperation of Ukraine with the EU within the framework of "The Eastern Partnership" program», - informs the official press release.
«The Crimea for us is already a pilot project in addition to "The Eastern Partnership" program», though in Brussels they still discuss the ways to implement in the Crimea this program. The Crimea is the only region of Ukraine, which meets the number of criteria required by the European Union, and is the place where one can successfully apply a regional approach to development and obtain a positive result. Previously we have worked in the Crimea in detached areas and we will continue to implement these projects, but now we can start putting together these pieces of the puzzle and to work systematically», – said the EU ambassador.
According to him, in the Crimea, in particular, the program on tourism development and program on development of social infrastructure in the least affluent localities of the peninsular will operate with the assistance of the EU.
Mr.Teixeira said that the meeting on the economic development of the Crimea, which was held by Viktor Yanukovych, became for the EU «the momentous signal» that encouraged the EU to continue and deepen cooperation. «We can not solve the issues of investment policy, it is the authority of individual countries – EU members. But I will be meeting ambassadors of EU countries to Ukraine and offer them to promote the Crimea among their economic operators. It is time to encourage European investors to come to the Crimea to get to know the situation», – said the European diplomat and added that in the nearest future he would try to arrange a visit to the Crimea of the group of ambassadors of EU countries.
He also informed about his intension to organize a meeting of the Crimean executives with the EU Commissioner for Enlargement and Neighborhood Policy, Štefan Füle, who plans to visit the Crimea in September 2010.
Vasily Dzharty invited the EU structures to participate in work on development of strategy of the Crimea until 2020. “We are looking forward to your offers and practical participation in preparation of this important, crucial for the Crimea document» – said the head of government of the autonomy.
The Chairman of the Council of Ministers notified also that executive authority of the autonomic republic is trying to colligate the development experience of the Black Sea states at the international economic forum planned to be held in autumn in the Crimea. «We can share experiences of all the Black Sea countries and try to adopt the best, most interesting of them in the Crimea», – said Vasily Dzharty. [1]
This extensive quotation in the condensed form incorporated the results of exactly the period of two years (since August 8, 2008) during which the Crimea has once again promptly entered the «European dimension» at least as it is seen from Yalta, from Ai-Petri standpoint.
View from Aiu-Petry, from site: dic.academic.ru
Once again, as for the first time (it is, certainly, without going too deep into history researchers), it also found itself as part of this dimension in 1853 due to the Crimean War, which turned out to be Europe's response to long-standing dream of the Russian Empire on the expansion to the Black Sea straits and the Balkans. The Crimea was and remains a natural beachhead for such kind of geopolitical expansion.
A new engagement of the Crimea into the framework of interests of Europe is also connected with the war – the Russian-Georgian conflict, which started during the night of 7 to 8 August 2008.
Strictly speaking, a well known European project «The Eastern Partnership» emerged two and a half months before the beginning of this war – it was on May 26, 2008, when it was for the first time presented at the European Council on Foreign Relations by Poland with the participation of Sweden. However, in its Ukrainian section there was not then any explicit emphasis on the Crimea.
On one of the days in August of 2008, about two and a half weeks after the start of the Russo-Georgian war, the phrase of the French Minister of Foreign Affairs: «The Crimea is next ...» was spread all over the whole world within a couple of hours. Runaway chain reaction of headlines instantly gushed from information sites into the Internet, and onto, nowadays outdated, TV screens and ,the fully old fashioned, pages of newspapers in Europe and worldwide.
To be precise, it all started with the statement of the French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner made on 27 August 2008 in an interview on Europe 1 radio:
«I repeat that it is very dangerous, and there are other objectives that one can suppose are objectives for Russia, in particular the Crimea, Ukraine and Moldova.» [2]
But in fact, Mr. Kouchner was not the first to make this kind of forecasts – hot on the trail and much earlier they were made by the others:
Already on August 10th, 2008, former U.S. ambassador to the UN Richard Holbrooke told in his interview with CNN that the next target for Russia would be Ukraine [3].
On August 19th, 2008 London «Financial Times» wrote in an editorial: «The clear message to Georgia, to other pro-western former Soviet republics such as Ukraine, and to the NATO alliance, is that Russia can behave as it will in its “near abroad”. It has overwhelming military force, and it is prepared to use it. The next target may well be Ukraine’s Crimea, where the Russian-speaking population could easily be persuaded to seek secession». [4]
On 20 August 2010 the same «Financial Times» quoted the opinion of senior emerging market strategist at RBC Capital Markets Paul Biszko: «As the crisis has dragged on, the intransigence of the Russians has suggested to many investors that Ukraine could be next on the hit list as they have the key strategic asset of the Crimea, where the Russian fleet is based in the Black Sea». [5]
On 20 August 2008 the same forecasts were expressed by Leon Aron, the director of the Russian studies program of the American Enterprise Institute in an on-air program of the «Radio Liberty»:
«…Vladimir Abarinov (journalist): What actions is Russia going to take in the near future? Leon Aron, an expert of the American Enterprise Institute, believes that the next place of expansion will be the Crimea.
Leon Aron: So what's next? It is quite obvious now. If Russia pays a small price or does not pay any – and it seems to be the case – then Ukraine becomes the next long-range objective. Of course, not the whole country, but only the Crimean peninsula. The territory inhabited by the Russians and Russian-speaking people, the basing site of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1997, Boris Yeltsin gave the Crimea up, it was a great sacrifice aimed at preservation of peace in the former Soviet Union. But, like everything else, this decision has been reversed and one can hear the persistent drumbeat in the governmental Russian mass media and in the Duma that they should not leave Sevastopol after the expiry of the lease agreement in 2017, but the entire Crimea is to be returned and attached to Russia ... ». [6]
On August 25, 2008 the London newspaper The Times commented the speech of President of Ukraine at Independence Day of Ukraine military parade: «Kiev fears that the Kremlin will stoke separatist sentiment in the pro-Russian region of Crimea to derail its membership bid, just as it stirred tensions in Georgia's breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia». [7]
And then, at last, only on August 27th, 2008 there was the above mentioned high profile declaration of Bernard Kouchner, Foreign Minister of France, which was then chairman in the EU.
It is hardly necessary to analyze further many and many thousands of quotations, discourses, comments and forecasts on the subject, literally sweeping through all the European and world mass media after this. In their content there was nothing fundamentally new...
It is much more interesting to restore the further cycle of events.
View from the Ai-Petri in Yalta, on the site img-fotki.yandex.ru
Already on September 9th, 2008 in Paris the summit Ukraine – European Union took place, where the EU has officially recognized the European pursuits of Ukraine and also made a statement that «Ukraine is a European country.» It was announced that Ukraine and the European Union agreed to conclude in 2009 a new substantial agreement on the principles of the association of Ukraine.
According to mass media reports during the Georgian-Russian war on the sidelines of the European Commission a phrase, attributed to Mr. Sarkozy, was traveling from person to person: «We must hurry to adopt the Eastern Partnership, before they mop each other up.» [8]
On April 21st, 2010 «The Kharkov agreement» is signed and basing of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in the Crimea is extended for 25 years from 2017, i.e. till 2042. On April 27th, 2010 these agreements are simultaneously ratified by the parliaments of both countries.
On May 7th, 2009 the program of the Eastern Partnership is formally adopted at the Prague summit of the European Union.
On July 9th, 2010 during the meeting with the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy President of Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych initiated establishment and implementation of the pilot project of development of the Crimea within the framework of the cooperation expansion within the European Union's program of «The Eastern Partnership».
And finally, barely in a week – on July 16th, 2010 the EU Ambassador to Ukraine Jose Manuel Pinto Teixeira, who accompanied the European Commissioner for Regional Policy Johannes Hahn during his meeting with Prime Minister Nikolay Azarov, said that the European Union agrees with the proposal of President Viktor Yanukovych to consider cooperation in the Crimean region as the pilot project of the Eastern Partnership» (It is of interest that such an approach was proposed by «both Victors» – Yanukovych and his predecessor Yushchenko. It is entirely possible that such «unanimity of contradictions» on the issue of the Crimea took its toll too). Mr.Teixeira also pointed out that at that time 13 countries of the EU were already involved in the implementation of the Crimean project, as the EU considered it to be very important.
The above chronology of events prompts the number of conclusions.
Firstly, as mentioned above, the new European perspective on the Crimea expressed in a pilot project «Joint Crimean initiative of “Eastern partnership” was the result of military conflict in the Black Sea region and the forecast on its expansion in the Crimea.
Secondly, and it has not been yet mentioned, two senior leaders of Ukraine for some reasons persistently suggested the EU to focus first of all on the Crimea.
Thirdly, the European bureaucratic apparatus, long famous for its footdragging and delay due to the need to reach a preliminary consensus from all 27 states, in this case showed the marvel of speed.
This is even more impressive if to observe that the European institutions (with the exception of the well-known on the peninsula, OSCE and its programs) were not too active in the Crimea. Anyway, programs of the UN and the U.S. along with the ones of OSCE are in the first place more noticeable on the peninsula.
Fourth, ... but for the fourth conclusion let us get back to a quote from a press release, slightly dissecting it:
a) Mr. Teixeira said that the meeting on the economic development of the Crimea, which was held by Viktor Yanukovych, became for the EU «the momentous signal» which encourages the EU to continue and deepen cooperation.»
The session, which Mr. Ambassador referred to during his meeting with the Crimean Prime Minister on August, 5th really contained a number of serious messages. And besides, it took place almost yesterday – on August, 3rd
b) «We can not solve the issues of investment policy, it is the authority of individual states, members of the EU… But I will be meeting with ambassadors of EU countries in Ukraine and offer them to promote the Crimea among its economic operators.
Such words from a European diplomat are not just big, but very big rarity. Usually they (as well as U.S. diplomats) confine themselves to a standard classical phrase, that in their countries, the state can not only give any commands, but even advise private investors where they are to invest. And only such reaction was voiced by European and American diplomats a year and a half ago in Sevastopol.
a) «It is time to encourage European investors to come to the Crimea to get to know the situation», – said the European diplomat and added that in the nearest future he would try to arrange a visit to the Crimea of the group of ambassadors of the EU countries.
Well, this «errand to himself» gives grounds to suggest the extremely high level of seriousness which the EU applies now to handling of the topics of the Crimea.
Fifthly. European diplomats (people who care about their reputation) are, without any doubts, well informed about the systemic corruption in Ukraine.
Only a real lazy bone does not know that already at the preparatory stage of any of investment projects in our municipalities and almost everywhere it is usual to burden the investor with additional cost loading. The question arises: would you recommend an investor to go to the corrupt country without securing guarantees of protection in case of anything ...?
And sixthly. In the European Union (persons, who are responsible for this) are perfectly familiar with the problems of the Crimea, peculiarities of the peninsular, sentiments and people. There they for sure understand that the demonstration effect of the success of «The Eastern Partnership» (as well as its failure) in the Crimea, in the traditionally pro-Russian region of Ukraine is worth a lot ...
* * *
To choose the Crimea as the pilot region of the EU «Eastern Partnership» is the second serious attempt of the EU to act «at home» as a Black Sea player.
View at Yalta from the Ai-Petri, photo from the site img-kiev.fotki.yandex.ru
The first serious «demo or exemplary performance» of the EU in such a role (let us remind that the EU has become the «Black Sea state» only in 2007, after the admission of Bulgaria and Romania, thus, a little term to perceive itself in this new capacity) was certainly the mission of France, which was then chairman of the EU, to halt the war in the Caucasus in August, 2008.
Foreign policy game, especially on the new field requires a deep immersion into the core of problems – an understanding of peculiarities of not just country and region, but also, let us say, microregional ones (which include profound knowledge of not only statistics, but also, for example, the subjective factors – in particular, personal qualities of the regional leaders ...).
Analysis of not so remarkable at first glance, but no less important events and processes on the regional level, which took place in 2008-2010 within «the EU – the Autonomous Republic of Crimea» and «the EU – Sevastopol» the coordinates allows to suggest that the EU institutions possess such knowledge.
In order not to intrigue the reader unnecessarily, we immediately offer conclusions, and then provide comments on them.
Curiously enough, after the dramatic August 2008 with its war in the Caucasus, the year of 2009 became for the EU the year of «Sevastopol illusions». But from the spring of 2010 «Sevastopol illusion» has dramatically changed for «the Crimean hope».
For Sevastopol not even a window, but just a little «"fortochka" (ventilation aperture) of opportunity», which emerged as fog eye, has almost been shut, leaving behind the Black Sea fleet until 2042 and form this autumn – the Consulate General of Poland as the consolation prizes.
The Crimea has got the second in 20 years chance to make a bold move to restructure and modernize its economy with generation of the European investments. While Sevastopol has lost its the very first one...
Let us try to explain why it has happened.
A few days before the beginning of the year of 2009 – on 26th of December, 2008 – the Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko signed a decree № 1204/2008 «On additional measures of socio-economic development of the city of Sevastopol».
It was about support of the initiative of Sevastopol administration (then headed by a former Crimean Prime Minister Sergey Kunitsyn) to develop a law aimed at attraction of foreign investments to Sevastopol in the context of the inevitable reduction of the role of the naval component in the urban economy (even without consideration of the probable withdrawal of the Russian Black Sea fleet in 2017, but due to the trends of technological development of naval weaponry).
Seemingly undistinguished technical decree was based on the concept of strategic development of Sevastopol named «The Strategy of Sevastopol: awareness of the mission. Sevastopol – a city of open economy and the Black Sea cooperation».
This strategy, in turn, was built up on an ambitious new mission of Sevastopol as «the capital city of the Black Sea».
The ideology of the project proposed a mechanism to balance the political risk in the Black Sea region through formation of the investment balance in Sevastopol – through the simultaneous generation of Ukrainian, Russian, European, American and Turkish investments.
As it was sent to diplomatic missions and structures of the EU, Russia and the United States, the project (approved at that time by the President of Ukraine) sparked, without exaggeration, great interest. Of course, there was also a large fraction of caution and skepticism, caused primarily by the fact that the project happened to be proposed during the first year of global crisis.
Nevertheless, ambassadors of the European Commission, the Vatican, Italy, Britain, Germany, Finland, Czech Republic, Turkey, United States (with an extensive delegation), the OSCE Project Coordinator in Ukraine, the heads of Directorates of the European Commission and the others came during 2009 for comprehensive working visits to Sevastopol (generally several times and even before the approval of «The Eastern Partnership» program).
The second wave of delegations’ visits (and this already brought certain hope) was the one of the business communities – the international trade club, the mission of U.S. companies, delegations of economic missions, various funds and investor groups, etc. etc.
During the second half of 2009 the outlines of major investment projects started to show up. But due to the forthcoming presidential elections in Ukraine in this process by the end of 2009 there was an explainable pause, caused by the Ukrainian realities.
In this context the Crimea at the end of the year of 2008 and throughout the year of 2009 faced an absolute failure regarding its external relations, as the leaders of the Crimea at this time (A. Gritsenko and V. Plakida), did not offer any new ideas against the background of the unfolding global crisis and did not show the adequate scale of thinking thus, were of no interest to the European structures consequently.
As a result, unlike in Sevastopol, where the ambassadors of the EU countries actively discussed investment prospects, during 2008-2009 the activity of the EU in the Crimea has been reduced mostly to the activities of countries of V4 («Visegrad Four») to open honorary consulates and discussion of the preliminary phase of the ethnographic village project.
Alongside with this, immediately after the «hot phase» of the Caucasian War, starting from August 2008 dozens of experts from various European, American and international foundation, the second or the third in positions representatives of the diplomatic missions used to come to the Crimea on private visits. They were trying actively to understand the contingency of destabilization in the Crimea, the sentiments of the people, the degree of political risk and they had meetings not with the officials, but with journalists, experts, academics, civil society structures.
View from the Ai-Petri in Yalta, on the site wikipedia.org
For illustration purposes, we present list and purposes of visits of foreign diplomats to the Crimea (in accordance with data provided by news agencies and press services, thus, there can be difference of 1-2 days with actual dates of visits, but for the objective of this article it is not of any principal importance).
2008
31.07.2008 – First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic – possibility to open the Honorary Consulate of the Czech Republic in Simferopol, [9]
10.10.2008 – Ambassador of Slovakia – the prospects of increase of flow of tourists from Slovakia to the Crimean resorts and mechanisms to improve direct transport links between Slovakia and the Crimea. Stages of the project on development of ethnographic village in the Crimea. Opening of personal photo-exhibition «The Kaleidoscope of the World» of Rudolf Schuster, ex-president of Slovakia, in the Livadia Palace [10]
18.11.2008 – Ambassador of Hungary – formal opening ceremony of the Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Hungary in Simferopol [11]
09.12.2008 – Czech ambassador – opening of the Honorary Consulate of the Czech Republic [12]
2009
14.05.2009 – The Crimean-German business forum, Vice Minister of Economics and Technologies of Germany, head of economic department of the Embassy of Germany – construction of power plants in the regions of the Crimea, operating on the non-traditional forms basis [13]
19.05.2009 – Ambassador of Canada – the first study visit and visits to the operation sites of the projects of the Canadian International Development Agency and assistance programs in the agricultural sector in the regions of autonomy. [14]
23.06.2009 – Ambassadors of the Czech Republic, the Republic of Hungary, 1st Secretary of the Embassy of Slovakia – the prospects of implementing of joint projects in culture and tourism sector within the framework of «The Crimean World» program. [15]
23.10.2009 – Ambassador of Japan, Tadashi Izawa – handover to the Crimean side of the equipment, provided under the grant assistance program [16]
In 2010, after the presidential election and the Kharkov agreements, the situation with the activity of the European countries in Sevastopol and the Crimea has changed in the reverse way – the number of visits to the Crimea is on increase, while Sevastopol, contrary, faces its slump ...
At the same time the nature of the visits of the European diplomats to the Crimea has become much more specific than in the previous years.
2010
18.02.2010 – Ambassador of Turkey – the work on the peninsula of the Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency (TIKA) [17]
19.02.2010 – Delegation from Scotland – in the context of the framework of bilateral dialogue on the preparation of a memorandum of inter-regional cooperation between the AR Crimea and Scotland within the framework of the EU initiative «The Eastern Partnership» and its pilot project «Joint Crimean Initiative». [18]
11.03.2010 – U.S. Ambassador – a study visit [19]
In March 2010 the AR Crimea administration top management was changed and in the Crimea they started to build up the ambitious strategy of development targeted at achievement of investment leadership in the Black Sea region in the long term.
09.04.2010 – Swedish Foreign Minister and Ambassador to Sweden – the Swedish Government together with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development plans to help to construct a modern industrial complex in the Crimea on sewage treatment and recycling of waste. [20]
20.04.2010 – representatives of the Embassies of the Visegrad Four (Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia) – Creation of the open air ethnographic village «The Crimean World» to present the culture of the peoples of the Crimea [21]
22.04.2010 – Ambassador of Hungary – opening of direct flight Budapest-Simferopol. Creation of the open air ethnographic village «The Crimean World» [22]
19.05.2010 – Ambassador of Germany – «support to the Crimean authorities in many German projects being prepared for implementation on the peninsula» [23]
20.05.2010 – EU delegation – Ambassador of the European Commission, Ambassadors of France, Hungary, Poland, Finland, Deputy Ambassador of Spain, Minister-Counselor of the Czech Republic, Head of Political Section of the British Embassy, 1st Secretary of the Embassy of the Netherlands, Deputy Ambassador of Austria – presentation of the idea of «The Eastern Partnership» program.
On the same day the similar presentation (with the same members of delegation) was held in Sevastopol, but if in the Crimea it developed into an integral component of the emerging mosaic, in Sevastopol it looked all by itself being just part of the list of visits together only with the theme of the opening of the Consulate General of Poland and the visit of hyperactive German Ambassador.
21.05.2010 – Ambassador of Lithuania – plans to open a visa center of the Republic of Lithuania in the Crimea, participation of the Crimea in a joint project of the railways of Lithuania, Ukraine and Belarus, the port of Klaipeda, Ilyichevsk and Odessa – a train of combined transport «Viking». It is planned to expand the project of the «Viking” train”» through the joint consortium «The Black Sea» with participation of Turkish company, which will continue the further transportation from Iljichiovsk. [24]
10. 06. 2010 – Trade Adviser of the U.S. embassy – presentation of the existing project to build a recycling plant in Simferopol, American investors are ready to invest into a «significant and long-running projects» – in the Crimean agriculture and tourism. [25]
22.06.2010 – Ambassador of Norway – wind power, projects of installations of the windmill-electric generating units on the sea platforms. [26]
05.07.2010 – French Ambassador Jacques Faure – cooperation between the Crimea and the region of Languedoc-Roussillon [27]
05.08.2010 – EU Ambassador Jose Manuel Pinto Teixeira – plans to implement in the Crimea a pilot project on cooperation between Ukraine and the EU under the auspices of theEastern Partnership program. [28]
06.09.2010 – A delegation of the Parliament of Denmark, head of the committee on foreign policy – the development of agriculture of the Crimea [29]
17.09.2010 – OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities – protection of the rights of citizens, deported on the ethnic grounds [30]
22.09.2010 – Ambassador of Slovakia – the organization of the visit to the Crimea of the President of Slovakia in early October. [31]
The reason for the abrupt shift of emphasis of the EU to the Crimean peninsula – from development of Sevastopol to the development of the Crimea –, in our opinion, is not only due to the objective factors (such as the Kharkov agreement on the Russian BSF), but to the subjective ones – such as, for example, the ability of regions to start to talk about their problems and future development adequately and with the use of professional language...
Sevastopol after the Kharkov agreements changed (let us mark – not even the actions but just only words) the vocabulary of the development for the vocabulary of parasitism on the Navy. In the Crimea, instead of an unclear mumbling about nothing, there are the words and thoughts, which were clear to the EU.
As it turned out, the EU institutions listen carefully and know how to read between the lines ...
* * *
Of course, the conclusions of the authors are just a hypothesis, and reality is actually either much more complex or simple. But the task of the researchers is to offer hypothesis and justify it. The business of politicians is either listen to them or not. The right of the readers is to make their own conclusions.
Of course, the theme of the Crimea in the «European dimension» is much wider and more multilayered, but the other aspects will be featured in our next publications.
Sources:
(1) It is time for businessmen of the EU to come to the Crimea, says the EU ambassador. Official website of the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. http://www.ark.gov.ua/blog/2010/08/05/biznesmenam-evrosoyuza-pora-exat-v-krym-schitaet-posol-es/
(2) Russian editorial board of RFI. Positional battles on the diplomatic front. http://www.rfi.fr/acturu/articles/104/article_1140.asp
(3) Former U.S. ambassador to the UN believes that Russia provoked Georgia while Ukraine will be the next. http://newsru.com/world/11aug2008/hollbrooke.html(3)
(4) A bully’s deserts Financial Times (19 August 2008) http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/31d13c40-6d52-11dd-857b-0000779fd18c,dwp_uuid=7ee6a12e-7d74-11dc-9f47-0000779fd2ac.html
(5) Investors fear Kiev is next on Kremlin list). Financial Times (20 August 2008). http://ft.onet.pl/0,13788,investors_fear_kiev_is_next_on_kremlin_list,artykul_ft.html
(6) «Radio Liberty» Why western media succumbed to the Russian propaganda about the causes of war (http://www.svobodanews.ru/content/transcript/461962.html)
(7) NATO membership vital to our security, says Ukraine's President Yushchenko (англ.). Times (25 August 2008). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4602509.ece
(8) The Eastern Partnership – The Black Sea friendship: 1:0 in favor of Ukraine and its friends. UNIAN. http://www.unian.net/rus/news/news-314451.html
(9) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=14303
(10) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=14675
(11) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=14813
(12) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=15000
(13) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=16143
(14) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=16156
(15) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=16435
(16) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=17180
(17) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=17742
(18) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=17749
(19) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=17836
(20) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=18023
(21) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=18111
(22) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=18117
(23) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=18274
(24) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=18279
(25) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=18383
(26) http://old.crimea-portal.gov.ua/index.php?v=1&tek=1&art=18430
(27) http://www.ark.gov.ua/blog/2010/07/15/krym-gotov-sotrudnichat-s-regionom-francii-langedok-russilonom
(28) http://www.ark.gov.ua/blog/2010/08/05/biznesmenam-evrosoyuza-pora-exat-v-krym-schitaet-posol-es
(29) http://www.ark.gov.ua/blog/2010/09/06/daniya-pomozhet-krymu-razvivat-selskoe-xozyajstvo)
(30) http://www.ark.gov.ua/blog/2010/09/17/komissar-obse-knut-vollebek-vysoko-ocenil-rabotu-pravitelstva-kryma-po-obespecheniyu-prav-nacionalnyx-menshinstv
(31) http://www.ark.gov.ua/blog/2010/09/22/prezident-slovakii-posetit-krym